|
| |
Appendix 5
Generalized geologic time scale and stratigraphy of the Holy
Land
|
Period
|
Epoch |
MY |
|
North |
Central |
Coastal Plain |
Rift
Valley |
Negev |
|
|
|
Quarter-nary |
Holocene |
0.02
3
23
67
100
141
195
230
280
310
345
435
435
540 |
Kurkar
Group |
|
Dunes |
Lisan |
Ruhama |
|
|
|
Pleistocene |
Nashon Cgl
Bethlehem Cgl |
Gaza Fm |
Jordan Group
Cover Basalt |
Ruhama Loess
Gaza Fm |
|
|
|
Tertiary |
U
Pliocene |
Lower
Kurkar |
Ahuzam Conglomerate
Kurdane Formation
Pleshet Formation |
Upper Tiberias Group |
Ahuzam
Gesher Fm
Bira Fm |
|
|
|
L
Pliocene |
|
|
|
U Miocene |
Shefela
Group |
|
Mavquim |
|
|
|
M
Miocene |
Herod Fm |
Ziqlag
NPV |
Ziqlag
Lower Basalt |
Hazeva |
|
|
|
L Miocene |
|
Ziqim |
|
|
|
|
Oligocene |
Lower Shefela |
|
|
|
U Eocene |
|
|
|
|
|
Middle
Eocene |
Avedat
Group |
Bar Kokhba
Yizreel
Meroz |
|
|
|
|
Paleocene |
Taqiye |
|
|
|
Cretaceous |
Senonian |
Mount
Scopus |
Ghareb
Menuha |
Mount Scopus |
Ein Zeitim |
Ghareb
Menuha |
|
|
|
Turonian |
Judea
Group
Kurnub
Group |
Judea |
|
|
|
Cenomanian |
|
|
|
Albian |
|
|
|
Aptian |
|
|
|
Barremian |
Kurnub |
Gevar Am Shale |
Hatira |
|
|
|
Hauterivian |
|
|
|
Berriasian |
Arod |
|
|
|
Jurassic |
Tithonian |
Arad
Group |
Niram |
Arad
|
Mahmai
Inmar
|
|
|
|
Kimmeridgian |
|
|
|
Oxfordian |
Arad |
|
|
|
Bathonian |
|
|
|
Bajocian |
|
|
|
Aalenian |
Nirim Ls |
Ardon |
|
|
|
Liassic |
|
Mishor |
|
Mishor |
|
|
|
Triassic |
Norian |
Ramon
Group |
|
|
|
Carnian |
Saharonim |
Mohilla
Saharonim
Gevanim
Raaf |
|
|
|
Ladinian |
|
|
|
Anisian |
|
|
|
Scythian |
|
|
|
Paleozoic Era |
Permian |
Negev Group |
|
Negev Group |
|
|
|
Pennsylvanian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mississippian |
|
|
|
Devonian |
|
|
|
Silurian |
|
|
|
Ordovician |
|
|
|
Cambrian |
Yam Suf |
|
Yam Suf |
|
|
|
Precambrian |
Undifferentiated Precambrian |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix 6
Prehistoric Chronology in the Holy Land
|
Geological
Epoch |
European
Ice Age |
Period |
Culture |
Approximate Age |
|
Lower
Pleistocene |
Gunz pluvial |
Lower
Paleolithic |
1st Acheulian |
1.8 to 1.4 My |
|
Middle Pleistocene |
Mindel
Mindel-Riss interglacial
Riss |
Lower & Middle Acheulian
Upper Acheulian |
700,000
to
120,000 |
|
Upper Pleistocene |
Riss-Würm |
Middle Paleolithic |
Micoquian |
80,000 |
|
Würm I |
|
Yabrudian & Lower Mousterian |
60-70,000 |
|
Würm I -Würm II |
|
Upper Mousterian |
|
|
Würm II |
|
|
|
|
Würm III |
Upper Paleolithic |
Emireh
Emiran |
35,000 |
|
Mesolithic |
Geometric Kebaran A |
15,000 |
|
Würm IV |
|
|
|
Holocene |
Post-glacial |
|
Natufian |
11,500
10,000-8,300 |
|
Pre-pottery Neolithic |
Phase A
Phase B |
|
|
Neolithic |
|
5,500 |
|
Chalcolithic |
Early Chalcolithic |
4,500 to
3,200 |
|
Ghassulian |
|